Many people with too much stress or worry turn to an alcoholic drink to calm their nerves and provide some feelings of relaxation. Alcohol in moderate amounts can have a relaxing effect.

Some people use alcohol to relax after work. Maybe it’s a glass or two of wine, a shot of whiskey, vodka, beer,.. whatever. In moderate amounts alcohol is said to be good for us. However it is when alcohol is used in excess, maybe to escape from dealing with a life problem, that alcohol can become an issue and a serious one, too.

If you are drinking early in the morning, if you can’t face the day without a drink, if you always need ‘confidence’ before attending a meeting whether social or professional, if you try to conceal how much you drink or are in denial about your drinking, if you can’t stop after 1 or 2 drinks, then you do have a problem.

What many people don’t realize is that excess alcohol consumption can create a feeling of depression. If you drink too much and then feel depressed and out of control, you will drink again to try and suppress or numb the feelings and a vicious cycle begins.

The cycle continues with the possibility of a relationship or marriage being jeopardized, divorce, job loss leading to financial worries, loneliness – all results of drinking which contribute to further depression which leads to more drinking.

The only person who can permanently stop someone from drinking excessively is the drinker themself. No amount of yelling, begging, explaining, cajoling, persuading or threatening from loved ones seems to make any difference. As with anything in life that is worth having or getting, it all begins with a decision. Making up your mind comes first and then action follows.

Are you ready to take control?
Contact me to get started.

Hypnosis works well alone by itself or in conjunction with other programs as reinforcement. Only you can decide what’s right for you. Maybe you’re in a Detox Program but need greater inner resolve to make it a success? Perhaps you’re already attending AA meetings but need more help? Or perhaps AA isn’t to your liking and you’re looking for a different kind of program? You might be attracted to the privacy and confidentiality of one-on-one therapy or hypnosis sessions with me.

Hypnosis has been used successfully to help people with an alcohol issue. It still requires you to take responsibility for yourself and your life choices. Hypnosis sessions or alcohol self-hypnosis Audio Downloads may just give you enough insight to help you take control of your drinking, take back control of your life and start enjoying life again.

1. Do you feel drinking makes you a happier person?

2. Do you have a sense of regret after drinking?

3. Have you missed time from work or school because of your drinking?

4. Has the quality of your performance at work or school declined?

5. Do you drink alone?

6. Have you ever blacked out or forgotten where you were while drinking?

7. Has your drinking been the cause of tension or arguments with friends, colleagues or loved ones?

8. Do you think about drinking during the day?

9. When you are drinking does it change your personality?

10. Do you spend money you really can’t afford to at bars or on alcohol?

I can help you with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and/or hypnosis

If you answered yes to some of these questions, then hypnosis is the right tool for you to take back your control over alcohol and your life. Hypnosis is effective in changing your thinking about how and how much you drink. Hypnosis can help you safely reduce the amount you drink or find the confidence to stop altogether.

Hypnosis session with
Susan Gayle MS, CH, RMT

Hypnosis, or the hypnotic state, getting down into a special trance-like state between sleeping and waking, is an amazing place because you are so much more likely to take a suggestion deep into your mind and therefore your behavior. Hypnotherapy, self-hypnosis, hypnotism: it’s about getting around the skeptical part of yourself, the part of the brain that blocks you from moving forward and getting through to that part that will help you.

Does living without drugs or alcohol sound boring or scary? Alcohol numbed your pain when we needed it, provided social ease and fun, but eventually turned negatively on you. Hypnosis and self-hypnosis can provide the same joy, reinforce the goals you really want, re-energize your tired engines without the negative side effects.

New brain scan technology shows that hypnotic suggestions can cause the pleasure centers of the brain to light up. In a 2005 hypnosis and brain-imaging study conducted at the University of Iowa, doctors found that hypnosis actually blocks pain signals from getting to the part of the brain responsible for discomfort. This goes for everything from emotional pain to surgery in a dentist’s chair!

Hypnosis session with
Susan Gayle MS, CH, RMT

I know that you may drink too much for many reasons, not just to avoid pain. Sometimes there seems to be a biological imperative to drink too much. Sometimes childhood memories seem to drive us to drink. Sometimes we just want to drink for personal reasons. To relax, to forget, to remove boredom. Cognitive Behaviorial Therapy and hypnosis have proven to be among the most effective tools available.

The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, April 2004 cites a study where 261 veterans were admitted to Substance Abuse Residential Rehabilitation Treatment Programs. Results in this study on alcohol and hypnosis revealed that the individuals who played the self-hypnosis Audio Downloads “at least 3 to 5 times a week” for at least 6 weeks reported, at their two month follow-up, the highest levels of self-esteem and serenity, and the least anger/impulsivity, in comparison to the minimal-practice and control groups.

The Journal’s study also showed that the groups who used the self-hypnosis Audio Downloads felt more in control of all their habits, their drinking, their eating, their social behaviors, and showed significantly higher abstinence rates than the groups that just got stress-management therapy. At the one year follow up, the group who continued to use hypnosis and self hypnosis Audio Downloads on a regular basis had insured themselves against relapse.

It is important to make listening to your Audio Download a good experience and a relaxing one. Keep your hypnosis Audio Downloads where you can play them whenever you want to and before you really need to (but never while driving or operating machinery).

The challenge with controlling alcohol and quitting drinking permanently is the same challenge one would face with any compulsive habit such as gambling, cocaine use, smoking, overeating or anything similar.

You engage in the activity, enjoy the activity, regret doing the activity, promise yourself you will never do it again, and then find yourself doing it again as if you had never made that promise.

You repeat this pattern over, over and over until you bottom out. Until something happens to you that makes you decide once and for all that you are done with this repetitive cycle that controls you. When you finally decide that Freedom is more important and compelling than the substance or behavior. You’ve had it and want out.

Ready for change?

How many times when you felt down and out, felt like alcohol controlled you and was ruining your life and negatively affecting your relationships with friends, family, and even people you met for the first time, did you know what was happening and say ‘never again,’ this is the last time. Unfortunately at those moments you were probably drunk.

And so that power that you had in that moment of feeling terrible at the end of a night of drinking tended to disappear and be wiped away the next morning or afternoon when you woke up somewhat sober.

As the day progressed, you tended to forget those great reasons for quitting drinking and re-focus on your reasons for drinking. However, once you have lost excess money, health, friends, self respect, and things which really matter to you, then you have the ultimate power you need to stop drinking once and for all.

It’s at that time that people finally and resolutely turn to methods such as hypnosis to help them successfully take back their control.

Whether or not you have bottomed out doesn’t matter. Hypnosis for alcohol abuse is helpful whether you have just begun drinking or whether you are pretty good at it. I can help.

Realize that you’re not alone – that many people have been where you are now. Many people have been to the point where they thought their life was out of control or they thought that alcohol was controlling them. They felt powerless, they felt they could not get better, they could not stop drinking, and yet they were able to, as hypnosis gave them back their inner power and strength to break through the chains to take control again.

Are you ready?
I am here to help

You can change in an instant and if you decide right now to never drink again, you have the power with or without hypnosis to have that be true in your life. But if you feel that you need help to get there, my sessions and my Audio Downloads are here to help you achieve Freedom From Alcohol!

Hypnosis is the easiest way to affect AMAZING and LASTING change in your life because the positive messages go straight to your subconscious mind effortlessly. You can accomplish your goals!

21% of workers reported being injured or put in danger, having to re-do work or to cover for a co-worker, or needing to work harder due to others’ drinking (Ibid, p.2).

Up to 40% of industrial fatalities and 47% of industrial injuries can be linked to alcohol consumption and alcoholism (M Bernstein & JJ Mahoney, “Management Perspectives on Alcoholism: The Employer’s Stake in Alcoholism Treatment,” Occupational Medicine, Vol 4, No. 2, 1989, pp. 223-232).

60% of alcohol-related work performance problems can be attributed to employees who are not alcohol dependent, but who occasionally drink too much on a work night or drink during a weekday lunch (TW Mangione, et. al, “New Perspectives for Worksite Alcohol Strategies: Results from a Corporate Drinking Study,” JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc., Boston, MA, 12/98, p.1)

Employees who were in serious trouble with alcohol showed significant improvement in drinking behavior and job adjustment during the months immediately following an intervention to confront problem drinking that was intruding on their work (NIAAA, Alcohol Health & Research World (AHRW): Alcohol and the Workplace, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1992, p.147).

Are you unhappy?

Do you find yourself focusing on drugs/alcohol to the exclusion of work and family responsibilities?

Do you feel that you are different? That you are not an addict – that if it weren’t for your spouse, job stresses, money problems, etc. that you would not be using?

Does the thought of living without drugs and alcohol seem impossible, too painful?

Do you ever feel trapped – that you can’t stop using and you can’t go on the way you’re living?

Do you switch from vodka to beer to wine, from one drug to another, thinking that a particular type of substance is the problem?

Are you in jeopardy of losing your job or family because of your drinking/drug use?

Do you use or drink alone?

Do you refuse to go places where you cannot use or drink?

Do you hide your use or lie about the amount you drink or use?

Do you have any legal problems, like a DUI, felony arrests or other “brushes with the law” where your drug/alcohol use was present?

Have you ever used cocaine, crack, heroin, pot? Ecstasy, blue ice, pcp, acid or any other designer drugs?

In the past, have you stopped, cut down, or decided to use/drink “only on weekends,” only to find your use back in full swing after a short time?

Do you ever feel like you are going crazy, that your life is out of control?

Is it getting harder to keep it all “under control” – hiding your use, showing up for work, looking and acting “normal,” pretending to be ok?

Do you use to manage feelings of anger, loss, loneliness and other emotional pain?

Has anyone commented about your use being excessive?

Do you feel that no one can help you or that you are beyond help?

Do you continue to use despite negative consequences?

If you answered ‘yes’ to any of these questions, feel free to contact me.
If you answered ‘yes’ to 3 or more questions, don’t wait to contact me!

Does genetic predisposition have a role in alcohol abuse?

There is at least one genetic test for an allele (‘an alternative form of a gene that arises from mutation and found at the same place on a chromosome’ Dictionary.com) that is associated to alcoholism and opiate addiction. Though this allele is more common in individuals with alcohol addiction, there is no conclusive evidence that the presence of this gene is necessary for alcohol addiction. Some researchers argue that the evidence for such alleles is contradictory.

There is a theory that alcohol was discovered and utilized as a replacement for polluted drinking reservoirs in urban society. In this case, death from liver disease was preferred to death by waterborne disease. Over time, this resulted in a selection process of genes that were able to handle more alcohol. Essentially the population changed from being a predominately hunter-gatherer society to more urban. This theory explains why certain groups like Aborigines or Native Americans have a higher alcohol tolerance.

What are the effects of alcohol abuse?

The effects of alcohol abuse range across all aspects of the individuals life. The main effect is the individual drinking alcohol in overabundance at times that they should not thereby causing damage to themselves and possibly others. Some of the potential effects of alcohol abuse include but are not limited to the following:

Physical effects: cirrhosis of the liver, pancreatitis, alcoholic dementia, heart disease, nutritional deficiencies, sexual dysfunction, and death from many sources.

Social effects: Marital conflict and divorce, social alienation because of behavior.

Economic Effects: loss of employment, financial problems such as loss of living quarters, poor judgment.

Legal Consequences: charges for drunk driving or public disorder. There is also the possibility of domestic violence either to spouse or children.

Emotional Consequences: alcohol abuse can effect the individual drinking as well as the recipients of probable abuse. For instance, heavy drinkers’ children can experience delays or damage to their emotional development. Friends and family who perceive over-drinking as self inflicted may lose respect for the drinker further diminishing his or her social support network.

Alcohol Treatments

Depending on what school of thought is utilized, alcohol treatment may be approached from different angles. Treatment includes managing physical symptoms and behavioral changes, which may be attained by therapeutic treatments ranging from hypnosis to psychotherapy to medications. Life training and social support are usually needed to help individuals continue sobriety.

Does Alcohol Treatment Work?

This depends on the program, if the program is completed and the commitment the individual has to successfully altering their behavior. This is not to say that other factors don’t also come into play. Whether the person has social support and is aware of what resources are available also determines how effective treatment is as well as the possibility of long term success.

According to data collected by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, about a third of alcohol abusers are sober a year after treatment. An additional forty percent are doing better but still drink and a quarter has relapsed. For this reason, there is no equation that can determine whether or not treatment will work. Each case is a different person and must be approached as a separate case. This means that treatment plans for alcohol treatment should be tailored to the individual in order to procure the best outcome.

What About After Treatment?

In addition to cessation of drinking, long term use of B12 and folate is suggested to treat the effects of chronic alcohol use on the liver. Insulin resistance can also occur as a result of the use of alcohol. These are factors drinkers must consider if continuing this damaging habit.

Alcohol Dependence

Tolerance: Ability to drink progressively larger amounts without apparent intoxication.

Alcohol seeking behavior: Craving: continuing to drink despite adverse effects.

Physical Side Effects

Psychological Side Effects

• • • Difficulty sleeping
    • Anxiety and agitation
    • Depression and inability to cope
    • Confusion and panic attacks
    • Alcoholic ‘blackouts’
    • Suicide

Social Side Effects

Alcohol abuse is characterized by recurrent performance problems on the job or at school that result either from the after effects of drinking alcohol or from actual intoxication on the job or at school.

People with alcohol abuse disorders often continue to consume alcohol despite the knowledge that continued use causes significant social or interpersonal problems for them. And people with alcohol use disorders often consume alcohol despite knowing that they suffer from alcohol-related medical problems such as liver disease.

Drinking Tips to Reduce Harm

• • • Don’t drink alcohol to quench your thirst. Use non-alcoholic drinks.
    • Use spacers (alcohol free drinks) between alcoholic drinks to prevent excessive alcohol consumption.
    • Drink low alcohol beverages.
    • Count your drinks, keeping within the recommended guidelines.
    • Don’t refill your glass until it is empty.
    • Alternate sips of alcohol with sips of water or other non-alcoholic liquids.
    • Don’t gulp drinks. Take smaller sips and drink slowly.
    • Eat before drinking. Your drink will take longer to be absorbed.
    • Don’t drink if you are pregnant. It may damage the health of your unborn child.
    • Don’t drink if you are operating machinery, you put your fellow workers as well as yourself at risk.
    • If you are a regular drinker, have at least two alcohol-free days each week.
    • Don’t drink to cope with stress. Exercise, relaxation, meditation or talking to friends are safer ways of coping.

Alcoholic liver disease occurs after prolonged heavy drinking, typically for at least 10 years and particularly among those who are physically dependent on alcohol.

However, not everyone who drinks alcohol to excess develops serious forms of alcoholic liver disease. It is likely that genetic factors determine this and a family history of cirrhosis may indicate a higher risk.

Other factors include being overweight and iron overload (see Haemochromatosis). Women are more susceptible to alcoholic liver disease than men.

Liver problems caused by alcohol include:

Fatty liver

• • • Alcoholic hepatitis
    • Alcoholic cirrhosis
    • Fatty Liver
      • This may occur in people who drink 30g or more of alcohol each day.
      • Alcohol abuse can lead to the accumulation of fat within the liver cells.
      • Management includes reducing alcohol intake and weight loss.
      • Alcohol dependence needs to be recognized and dealt with.
      • Fatty liver can lead to inflammation and eventually scarring of the liver and cirrhosis.

Alcoholic hepatitis

Excessive use of alcohol can cause acute and chronic hepatitis (inflammation of the liver). Usually occurs in someone who is a chronic drinker with a recent episode of prolonged heavy consumption.
Alcoholic hepatitis can range from a mild hepatitis to severe liver problems with symptoms of:

• • • jaundice (yellow skin)
    • mental confusion caused by liver failure
    • scites (fluid retention in the abdomen)
    • bleeding esophageal varices (varicose veins in the esophagus)
    • abnormal blood clotting
    • coma
    • Alcoholic hepatitis is reversible if the person stops drinking but it can take several months for reversal to occur. Alcoholic hepatitis can lead to liver scarring and cirrhosis and very frequently occurs in alcoholics who already have cirrhosis of the liver.

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Anything which results in severe liver injury can cause cirrhosis.

• • • Common causes include:
    • excessive alcohol intake
    • chronic hepatitis B and C infection
    • intake of certain chemicals and poisons
    • too much iron or copper
    • severe reaction to drugs
    • obstruction of the bile duct

Cirrhosis of the liver is a degenerative disease where liver cells are damaged and replaced by scar formation.

As scar tissue progressively accumulates, blood flow through the liver is diminished, causing even more liver cells to die.

Loss of liver function can result in disturbances in important liver functions such as:

• • • the processing of nutrients and hormones/li>
    • the detoxification of drugs and poisons, including alcohol

In more advanced liver disease there can be:

• • • Enlargement of the liver and spleen
    • Jaundice
    • Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen and other tissues of the body
    • Impaired blood clotting which can lead to internal bleeding

Some types of cirrhosis can be treated but often there is no cure. At this point, treatment is mostly supportive and may include adherence to a special diet, diuretics (fluid tablets) and abstinence from alcohol. If the cirrhosis has been caused by a virus such as hepatitis C, some people can undergo HCV treatment which may reduce the chance of progression to more advanced liver disease.

Although cirrhosis is not reversible, people who stop drinking may avoid progression to liver failure and/or liver cancer.

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• More than 100,000 U.S. deaths are caused by excessive alcohol consumption each year. Direct and indirect causes of death include drunk driving, cirrhosis of the liver, falls, cancer, and stroke.
• At least once a year, the guidelines for low risk drinking are exceeded by an estimated 74% of male drinkers and 72% of female drinkers aged 21 and older.
• 65% of youth surveyed said that they got the alcohol they drink from family and friends.
• Nearly 14 million Americans meet diagnostic criteria for alcohol use disorders.
• Youth who drink alcohol are 50 times more likely to use cocaine than those who never drink alcohol.
• Among current adult drinkers, more than half say they have a blood relative who is or was an alcoholic or problem drinker.
• Across people of all ages, males are four times as likely as females to be heavy drinkers.

• More than 18% of Americans experience alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence at some time in their lives.
• Traffic crashes are the greatest single cause of death for persons aged 6–33. About 45% of these fatalities are in alcohol-related crashes.
• Underage drinking costs the United States more than $58 billion every year — enough to buy every public school student a state-of-the-art computer.
• Alcohol is the most commonly used drug among young people.
• Problem drinkers average four times as many days in the hospital as nondrinkers — mostly because of drinking-related injuries.
• Alcohol kills 6.5 times more young people than all other illicit drugs combined.
• Concerning the past 30 days, 50% of high school seniors report drinking, with 32% report being drunk at least once.

Had Enough? Ready to Take Control?

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How often do you drink alcohol?

1. Never
2. Monthly or less
3. Two to four times a month
4. Two to three times a week
5. Four or more times a week

When you drink, how many drinks do you typically have?

1. 1 or 2
2. 3 or 4
3. 5 or 6
4. 7 to 9
5. 10 or more

How often do you drink 6 or more drinks?

1. Never
2. Less than monthly
3. Monthly
4. Weekly
5. Daily or almost daily

How often in the last year did you find that you could not control your drinking once you’d started drinking?

1. Never
2. Less than monthly
3. Monthly
4. Weekly
5. Daily or almost daily

How often in the last year did you fail to do what was expected of you because of drinking?

1. Never
2. Less than monthly
3. Monthly
4. Weekly
5. Daily or almost daily

How often in the last year have you needed a first drink in the morning to get you going after a heavy-drinking session?

1. Never
2. Less than monthly
3. Monthly
4. Weekly
5. Daily or almost daily

How often in the last year have you felt guilt or remorse after drinking:

1. Never
2. Less than monthly
3. Monthly
4. Weekly
5. Daily or almost daily

How often in the last year have you been unable to remember what happened the night before because you had been drinking?

1. Never
2. Less than monthly
3. Monthly
4. Weekly
5. Daily or almost daily

Have you or someone else been injured as a result of your drinking?

1. No
2. Yes, but not in the last year
3. Yes, during the last year

Has a relative, friend, doctor or other health worker been concerned about your drinking or suggested you cut down or stop?

1. No
2. Yes, but not in the last year
3. Yes, during the last year

Total your score:

Evaluate your score (totals):

0-8
Congratulations! You have scored within the Zone 1 alcohol level, which means that you have a very low-risk of becoming alcohol dependent.

8-15
You have scored within the Zone 2 alcohol level, which means that you are slightly above the low-risk guidelines and may be at risk.
Read the advice and tips at the bottom of this Self-Test. You may wish to take into consideration a reduction in your alcohol consumption.

15-19
You have scored within the Zone 3 alcohol level, which means you are at risk for becoming alcohol dependent.
Note the effects that alcohol can have on you:

• Lack of concentration
• Slurred speech
• Rapid change in mood
• Weight loss or loss of appetite
• Slow moving, lethargic
• Reddening of the whites of the eyes
• Reduced rapid eye movement
• Impeded memory

Read the advice and tips at the bottom of this Self-Test. Contact me for alcohol moderation or cessation. If you are ready to take control, you can do it! Appointments are available on Zoom and In-person. You can also find helpful audio downloads in my store that help you take control. The sooner you take control, the sooner you have your life and your pride back.

Contact me to get started

Find helpful tools here

20 or higher
You have scored within the Zone 4 risk level, which means that you need to seek a specialist to help you get control or further treatment information or support groups.
You may be experiencing:

• The need to drink before confronting certain situations
• Frequent intoxication
• A steady increase in the amount of alcohol consumed
• Solitary drinking
• Early morning drinking
• Denial of drinking
• Family disruptions over drinking
• Blackouts or temporary amnesia
• Continuing to drink despite adverse consequences from drinking

If you are ready to take control, you can do it! Programs are available in office, by phone and on audio. The sooner you take control, the sooner you have your life, your pride and your freedom back.
Contact us

• Eat healthy foods
• Don’t smoke, drink alcohol excessively or use drugs
• Reduce stress by taking short breaks and relaxing every day
• Get enough rest
• Increase your daily physical activity
• Don’t involve your children in your drinking. For example, don’t ask them to help mix you a drink or bring you a beer
• Be a good role model by drinking responsibly and in moderation, and not engaging in any illegal, unhealthy or dangerous drug use practices.

More Alcohol Statistics

• Each year, a typical young person in the United States is inundated with more than 1,000 commercials for beer and wine
  coolers and several thousand fictional drinking incidents on television.
• Alcohol is involved in 50% of all driving fatalities.
• In the United States, every 30 minutes someone is killed in an alcohol related traffic accident.
• Over 15 million Americans are dependent on alcohol. 500,000 are between the age of 9 and 12.
• Each year the liquor industry spends almost $2 billion dollars on advertising and encouraging the consumption of
  alcoholic beverages.
• Americans spend over $90 billion dollars total on alcohol each year.
• An average American may consume over 25 gallons of beer, 2 gallons of wine, and 1.5 gallons of distilled spirits each
  year.
• Pregnant women who drink are feeding alcohol to their babies. Unfortunately the underdeveloped liver of the baby can
  only burn alcohol at half the rate of its mother, so the alcohol stays in the baby’s system twice as long.
• Each year students spend $5.5 billion on alcohol, more then they spend on soft drinks, tea, milk, juice, coffee, or books
  combined.
• 56% of students in grade 5 to 12 say that alcohol advertising encourages them to drink.
• 6.6% of employees in full time jobs report heavy drinking, defined as drinking five or more drinks per occasion on five or
  more days in the past 30 days.
• The highest percentage of heavy drinkers (12.2%) is found among unemployed adults between the age of 26 to 34.
• Up to 40% of all industrial fatalities and 47% of industrial injuries can be linked to alcohol consumption and alcoholism.
• In 2000, almost 7 million persons age 12 to 20 was a binge drinker; that is about one in five persons under the legal
  drinking age was a binge drinker.
• The 2001 survey shows 25 million (one in ten) Americans surveyed reported driving under the influence of alcohol. This
  report is nearly three million more than the previous year. Among young adults age 18 to 25 years, almost 23% drove
  under the influence of alcohol.
•  Drunk driving is proving to be even deadlier then what we previously know. The latest death statistics released by the
  National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), using a new method of calculation show that 17,488 people
  where killed in alcohol related traffic accidents last year. This report represents nearly 800 more people where killed
  than the previous year.
• Alcohol is the number 1 drug problem in America.
• 43% of Americans have been exposed to alcoholism in their families.
• Nearly one out of 4 Americans admitted to general hospitals have alcohol problems or are undiagnosed alcoholics
  being diagnosed for alcohol related consequences.
• Alcohol and alcohol related problems is costing the American economy at least $100 million in health care and lost of
  productivity every year.
• Four in ten criminal offenders report alcohol as a factor in violence.
• Among spouse violence victims, three out of four incidents were reported to have involved alcohol use by the offender.
• In 1996, local law enforcement agencies made an estimated 1,467,300 arrests nationwide for driving under the influence of alcohol.